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Citrus Production

CITRUS PRODUCTION

Citrus has been exported from South Africa to all over the world. The industry has a long history of growth, innovation and forward thinking and are able to supply good quality citrus fruit both to the local and international markets.

Post-harvest production includes important aspects like the cold and value chains as well as the management aspects thereof.

Citrus-1

Background

  • Intro to SA Citrus Industry
  • Citrus Varieties
  • Export Standards
  • Value Chain
  • Citrus Markets

Pre-season Planning

  • Yield and Fruit Size Estimates
  • Packhouse Planning

Postharvest Pathology

  • Rind Disorders
  • Postharvest Diseases

Pre-Harvest Production Practices

  • Orchard Sanitation
  • Pre-Harvest Pest Control

Harvesting

  • Maturity Indexing
  • Picking Supervision
  • Picking Practices

Packhouse Process

  • Packhouse Process Flow

Pre-Pack-line Treatments

  • Drenching
  • De-greening

Packhouse Treatments

  • Fruit Washing Systems
  • Hot Water Fungicide Bath
  • Resistance Management
  • Wax Application
  • Packhouse Sanitation
  • Titration
  • Drying Tunnel

Packing

  • Sizing
  • Packing Material and Specifications
  • Packing Methods
  • Grading and Sorting
  • Packing Market Specifications

Palletisation

  • Palletisation
  • Marking
  • High-cube vs Standard

Inspection

  • Inspections – PPECB
  • Inspections – DAFF

Export Shipping

  • Export Shipping Overview
  • Infrastructure Overview

Transportation

  • Road Transport Overview
  • Truck Loading

Cold Store

  • Cold Store Requirements
  • Cold Store Mechanics
  • Cold Storage Handling
  • Pre-Cooling

Shipping

  • Container Loading
  • Vessel Loading

Review

  • Cold Chain Review

Packhouse Management

  • Safety and Quality Management
  • Traceability
  • Commercial Accreditation Systems

Expected outcomes:

Have a better understanding of the important aspects of citrus post-harvest practices including the following:

  • Pre-season Planning
  • Postharvest Pathology
  • Pre-Harvest Production Practices
  • Harvesting
  • Packhouse Process
  • Pre-Pack-line Treatments
  • Packhouse Treatments
  • Packing
  • Palletisation
  • Inspection
  • Export Shipping
  • Transportation
  • Cold Store
  • Shipping
  • Packhouse Management

Integrated Pest Management audio-visual modules

Citrus pest management is one of the most dynamic aspects of pre-harvest production of citrus fruit as there are a number of pests that can occur on citrus and that requires control measures.

  • Pre-Harvest Pest Control
  • Pest monitoring
  • Trips
  • Red scale
  • Mealybug
  • False codling moth
  • Fruit fly
  • Bollworm
  • Bud mite
  • Other mites
  • Citrus psylla
  • Mussel scale
  • Waxy scale
  • Soft scale
  • Australia bug
  • Aphids
  • Leafhopper
  • Citrus butterfly
  • Citrus flower moth
  • Leaf roller
  • Ants
  • Other pests
  • Woolly white fly
  • Pre-harvest blemish analysis
  • Interpreting monitoring results
  • FMC Monitoring

Expected outcomes:

Have a better understanding of the important aspects of citrus IPM including the following:

  • The importance of pre-harvest pest control
  • Pest monitoring
  • The different pests
  • The blemish analysis
  • Interpreting and monitoring the results

Plant Structures and Functions audio-visual modules

The process of growing true to type citrus trees produced by certified citrus nurseries as well as applying pruning principles and practices which is an essential production practice.

  • Plant structures and functions
  • Propagation
  • Requirements
  • Practices
  • Rootstocks
  • Pruning
  • Principles
  • Equipment
  • Practices

Expected outcomes:

Have a better understanding of the important aspects of citrus plant structures and functions including the following:

  • General plant structures and their functions
  • Propagation requirements, practices
  • Rootstocks
  • Pruning principles, equipment and practices

Planting Management audio-visual modules

The planning and planting of new citrus orchards and maintaining records of individual orchards over their life span to assist in managing them in the best possible way.

  • Introduction to planting management
  • Citrus Types Cultivars and Rootstocks
  • Orchard layout and Planning
  • Orchard Establishment
  • Orchard Recordkeeping

Expected outcomes:

Have a better understanding of the important aspects of citrus planting management including the following:

  • Introduction to planting management
  • Citrus types and cultivars
  • Orchard layout and planning
  • Orchard establishment
  • Recordkeeping

Safe Handling of Agrochemicals audio-visual modules

In the process of producing and packing citrus fruit many agrochemicals may be used. It is for that reason that it must be stored and used with safety in mind. How to protect ourselves, others and the environment when using agrochemicals.

  • General safety
  • Agrochemical storage
  • Agrochemical Application
  • Principles

Expected outcomes:

Have a better understanding of the important aspects surrounding the safe handling of agrochemicals including the following:

  • Agrochemical storage
  • Application principles

Harvesting

  • Harvesting Supervision
  • Introduction and Instructions
  • Picking conditions, Teams
  • Equipment
  • Picking Practices, Quality control, Transport
  • Harvesting Practices
  • Introduction, Supervisor, Hygiene, Equipment
  • Picking Practices
  • Orchard Sanitation
  • Introduction, Postharvest Diseases
  • Orchard Sanitation Practices

Packhouse Process Flow

  • Packhouse overview
  • Introduction, Production and Picking
  • Packhouse Process Flow
  • Introduction
  • Receiving and Initial Processing
  • Packhouse Process Flow
  • Treatments and separation
  • Packing
  • Inspection and Transport
  • Packhouse Process Flow
  • General Operations
  • Citrus Industry Extension Services
  • Packhouse Infrastructure and Planning
  • Introduction
  • Packhouse Infrastructure
  • Introduction
  • Land
  • Access Roads
  • Water Supply (Part 1)
  • Water Supply (Part 2)
  • Electricity Supply
  • Connectivity
  • Connectivity o Packhouse Planning
  • Planning Introduction Part 1
  • Planning Introduction Part 2
  • Packhouse Production Capacity
  • Packhouse Site Layout (Part 1)
  • Packhouse Site Layout (Part 2)
  • Packhouse Site Layout (Part 3)
  • Packhouse Production Area (Part 1)
  • Packhouse Production Area (Part 2)
  • Packhouse Employment
  • Packhouse Automation (Part 1)
  • Packhouse Automation (Part 2)
  • Conclusion
  • Packhouse sanitation
  • Introduction, Spores & fruit infection
  • Pre-sorting, Removal of fruit
  • Equipment & workspace sanitation
  • Intro
  • Sanitising Agents
  • Equipment & workspace sanitation
  • Cleaning and Sanitising Methods
  • Scheduling
  • Other Cleaning & Sanitising Procedures, Emergency Cleaning Procedures, Microbiological Laboratory Testing
  • Personal Hygiene, Recordkeeping
  • Receiving and initial process
  • Introduction, Receiving
  • Weighing, Packhouse Delivery Inspection
  • Drench
  • De-greening
  • Pre-sorting
  • Fruit Washing – Sanitisers
  • Fruit Washing – Tip Systems, Conclusion
  • Fruit treatments
  • Fungicide Treatment
  • Introduction
  • Fungicides
  • Treatment Systems
  • Titration and pH Measurement – Part 1
  • Titration and pH Measurement – Part 2
  • Fungicide Resistance, Conclusion
  • Wax Treatment
  • Sorting and grading
  • Introduction
  • Fruit quality factors
  • External Fruit Quality Factors
  • Internal Fruit Quality Factors -Part 1
  • Internal Fruit Quality Factors -Part 2
  • Sorting Introduction
  • Sorting Stations
  • Sorters
  • Grading Part 1
  • Grading Part 2
  • Sizing, Conclusion
  • Packing Practices
  • Introduction
  • Packing Material
  • Packing Cartons Part 1
  • Packing Cartons Part 2
  • Packing Cartons Part 3
  • Bulk Bins, Fruit Labels (PLUs), Fruit Wrappers
  • Pallets, Securing sheets
  • Pallet caps, Corner pieces, Packing Material Specifications
  • Packing Instructions
  • Fruit Labelling, Packing Practices
  • Preparation
  • Place packing
  • Jumble packing, Weighing Cartons
  • Automated Packing Machines
  • Introduction
  • Automated Place Packing
  • Automated Jumble Packing
  • Palletisation
  • Introduction
  • High cube vs. Standard pallets
  • Pallet stacking patterns
  • Palletising Stations
  • Pallet stacking practices
  • Securing pallets
  • Marking, Conclusion
  • Quality management
  • Quality Management Part 1
  • Quality Management Part 2
  • Quality Management Part 3
  • Quality Management Part 4
  • Quality Management Part 5
  • Quality Management Part 6
  • Quality Management Part 7
  • Quality Management Part 8
  • Logistics
  • Introduction, Shipping methods
  • The logistics chain
  • Road Transport
  • Cold Stores, Port Services
  • Shipping, Conclusion

MIPM

  • Monitoring & Inspection for Phytosanitary Markets – False Codling Moth and Fruit Fly